Query Clauses & Pipelining

In addition to the match clause for pattern matching and the insert, delete, put, update clauses for modifying data, TypeQL has a number of other clauses supporting operations expected of a modern database - sorting, aggregation, offset, limit, etc.

Each query clause accepts a stream of answers and outputs a stream of answers.

This page provides an overview of the available clauses and how they can be chained to form complex query & data modification pipelines.

Query clauses

match

Match clauses read data by pattern-matching. They return a stream mapping variables to matching concepts.

match $x isa person, has name "John";

The output of the above match is a stream of answers binding $x to any concept having name "John". This stream is either returned as the result of the query, or becomes the input stream to the next stage in the pipeline.

Consider the two stage query:

match $x isa person, has name "John";
match $x isa person, has name "James";

$x refers to the same variable in both stages. Hence, this query will return person instances which own BOTH the name "John" and "James".

insert

Insert clauses can create new concepts by themselves, but rely on preceding clauses for reading existing concepts to add new connections to. An insert clause will execute & insert the specified pattern for every input row . It extends the row with the newly inserted concepts (if any).

match $x isa person, has name "John";   # Matches $x to person instance with name "John"
insert $x has email "john@example.com"; # Inserts the email "john@example.com" for that instance

delete

Delete clauses cannot read data by themselves and are typically used with a match-clause to bind the concepts.

The concepts themselves can be deleted…​

match $x isa person, has name "John";
delete $x; # Delete the person instance

or just their connections

match $p isa person, has name $n; $n == "John";
delete has $n of $p; # Delete the person instance's ownership of the name "John"

Any deleted concept is removed from the stream.

update

It is common for entities to own only one instance of a certain attribute type, or relations to allow only one instance for a certain role. E.g., a person has exactly one age, or an employment relation is between exactly one company and one person.

Update clauses are used to conveniently delete such a connection and replace it with a new one.

match $x isa person, has name "John";
update $x has email "john@example.net"; # Update John's email whether or not one existed.

The returned stream is identical to the input because no variables are introduced or removed.

The update operation is allowed only for the interfaces defined with @card(0..1) or @card(1). If no connection exists for the update clause to delete, it will simply insert the new one.

put

Used to create patterns if they have no matches in the database. The pattern must be a valid insert pattern. If the pattern has matches, all of them will be returned.

match
  $p isa person, has name "John";
  $q isa person, has name "Jane";
put # insert a friendship between them if one does not exist.
  $f isa friendship, links (friend: $p, friend: $q);

reduce

As the name suggests, computes some value from a stream of answers, optionally grouped by a set of variables. This will return a stream with one answer per group. An answer contains the variables in the group, and the output variables of the reducer.

match
  $john isa person, has name "John";
  $v isa viewing, links (viewer: $john, viewed: $post);
  $p isa posting, links (page: $page, post: $post);
reduce $views = count($post) groupby $page;

distinct

Removes duplicate answers in the stream.

match
  { $p isa person; } or { $p has name "John"; };
distinct; # Make sure that the person with name John is returned at most once.

select

Reshapes the stream to only include the specified variables.

match
  $p isa person, has name "John";
  $f isa friendship, links (friend: $p, friend: $q);
  $q isa person, has name $name;
select $name; # Only return the names of the friend

sort

sort $v1, $v2, …​ sorts the stream on $v1, then $v2 and so on.

match $x isa person, has name $n;
sort $n; # Return results sorted by $n

limit

limit <n> Restricts the stream to the first n answers.

match $p isa person, has name "John";
limit 1; # Return at most one person named John

offset

offset <n> discards the first n answers in the stream.

# Pagination of friends of John
match
  $p isa person, has name "John";
  $f isa friendship, links (friend: $p, friend: $q);
  $q isa person, has name $name;
sort $name; # Sort on name for stability of pages
offset 20;  # Skip the first 20 results
limit 10;   # And return the next 10

Write stages in pipelines

Writes from a pipeline are not visible to preceding stages, but are visible to following stages. Write stages achieve this through the following steps:

  1. Accumulate ALL answers of the preceding stage.

  2. Perform all the writes at once.

  3. Stream out answers with any inserted/deleted concepts updated.

update

The update clause is an interesting case. As it is meant to update connections of cardinality 1 (or 0..1) , multiple updates to the same connection will result in only the last applied update surviving. This means it is dependent on the order of incoming rows.

References